Autoclave sterilization involves three distinct stages:
Air Removal: In this initial stage, the autoclave removes air from the chamber. A vacuum pump sucks out the air, creating a low-pressure environment. This step ensures that steam can penetrate all areas effectively and reach the load for proper sterilization.
Sterilization: Once the air is removed, the temperature inside the autoclave reaches the correct level. Saturated steam, generated under pressure, kills bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The usual temperature for sterilization is 121°C at a pressure of 1.1 kilograms/square centimeter (kg/cm²) (equivalent to 15 pounds/square inch (lb/in²)). The duration of autoclaving varies depending on the volume of the load but is generally considered to be 15-20 minutes.
Cooling/Drying: After sterilization, the steam is released, and the autoclave cools down. Once the temperature is safe, the door is opened, and the sterilized items are ready for use.
Effective air removal, proper positioning of articles, and adequate heating time are crucial for successful autoclave sterilization.